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RELATIVE CLAUSES (M?NH ?? QUAN H?) M?nh ?? quan h? (m?nh ?? tnh t?) b?t ??u b?ng cc ??i t? quan h?: who, whom, which, that, whose hay nh?ng tr?ng t? quan h?: why, where, when. M?nh ?? quan h? dng ?? b? ngh?a cho danh t? ??ng tr??c n. I. CC ??I T? QUAN H?: 1. WHO: - lm ch? t? trong m?nh ?? quan h? - thay th? cho danh t? ch? ng??i .. N (person) + WHO + V + O 2. WHOM: - lm tc t? cho ??ng t? trong m?nh ?? quan h? - thay th? cho danh t? ch? ng??i ..N (person) + WHOM + S + V 3. WHICH: - lm ch? t? ho?c tc t? trong m?nh ?? quan h? - thay th? cho danh t? ch? v?t .N (thing) + WHICH + V + O .N (thing) + WHICH + S + V 4. THAT: - c th? thay th? cho v? tr c?a who, whom, which trong m?nh ?? quan h? quan h? xc ??nh * Cc tr??ng h?p th??ng dng that: - khi ?i sau cc hnh th?c so snh nh?t - khi ?i sau cc t?: only, the first, the last - khi danh t? ?i tr??c bao gm c? ng??i v v?t - khi ?i sau cc ??i t? b?t ??nh, ??i t? ph? ??nh, ??i t? ch? s? l??ng: no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anything, anybody, someone, something, somebody, all, some, any, little, none. Ex: He was the most interesting person that I have ever met. It was the first time that I heard of it. These books are all that my sister left me.
She talked about the people and places that she had visited.
* Cc tr??ng h?p khng dng that: - trong m?nh ?? quan h? khng xc ??nh - sau gi?i t?
5. WHOSE:dng ?? ch? s? h?u cho danh t? ch? ng??i ho?c v?t, th??ng thay cho cc t?: her, his, their, ho?c hnh th?c s ..N (person, thing) + WHOSE + N + V .
II. CC TR?NG T? QUAN H?: 1. WHY: m? ??u cho m?nh ?? quan h? ch? l do, th??ng thay cho c?m for the reason, for that reason. ..N (reason) + WHY + S + V Ex: I dont know the reason. You didnt go to school for that reason. ? I dont know the reason why you didnt go to school. 2. WHERE: thay th? t? ch? n?i ch?n, th??ng thay cho there .N (place) + WHERE + S + V . (WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH) Ex: a/ The hotel wasnt very clean. We stayed t that hotel. ? The hotel where we stayed wasnt very clean. ? The hotel at which we stayed wasnt very clean. 3. WHEN: thay th? t? ch? th?i gian, th??ng thay cho t? then .N (time) + WHEN + S + V (WHEN = ON / IN / AT + WHICH) Ex: Do you still remember the day? We first met on that day. ? Do you still remember the day when we first met? ? Do you still remember the day on which we first met? I dont know the time. She will come back then. ? I dont know the time when she will come back.
III. CC LO?I M?NH ?? QUAN H?: C hai lo?i m?nh ?? quan h?: m?nh ?? quan h? xc ??nh v m?nh ?? quan h? khng xc ??nh. - M?nh ?? quan h? xc ??nh (Defining relative clauses): l m?nh ?? ???c dng ?? xc ??nh danh t? ??ng tr??c n. M?nh ?? xc ??nh l m?nh ?? c?n thi?t cho ngh?a c?a cu, khng c n cu s? khng ?? ngh?a. N ???c s? d?ng khi danh t? l danh t? khng xc ??nh v khng dng d?u ph?y ng?n cch n v?i m?nh ?? chnh.
Ex: The city which I visited last summer is very beautiful. (Defining relative clause)
- M?nh ?? quan h? khng h?n ??nh (Non-defining relative clauses): l m?nh ?? cung c?p thm thng tin v? m?t ng??i, m?t v?t ho?c m?t s? vi?c ? ???c xc ??nh. M?nh ?? khng xc ??nh l m?nh ?? khng nh?t thi?t ph?i c trong cu, khng c n cu v?n ?? ngh?a. N ???c s? d?ng khi danh t? l danh t? xc ??nh v ???c ng?n cch v?i m?nh ?? chnh b?ng m?t ho?c hai d?u ph?y (,) hay d?u g?ch ngang (-)
Ex: Dalat, which I visited last summer, is very beautiful. (Non-defining relative clause)
Note: ?? bi?t khi no dng m?nh ?? quan h? khng xc ??nh, ta l?u cc ?i?m sau: - Khi danh t? m n b? ngh?a l m?t danh t? ring - Khi danh t? m n b? ngh?a l m?t tnh t? s? h?u (my, his, her, their) - Khi danh t? m n b? ngh?a la m?t danh t? ?i v?i this , that, these, those
IV. M?T S? L?U TRONG M?NH ?? QUAN H?: 1. N?u trong m?nh ?? quan h? c gi?i t? th gi?i t? c th? ??t tr??c ho?c sau m?nh ?? quan h? (ch? p d?ng v?i whom v which.) Ex: Mr. Brown is a nice teacher. We studied with him last year. ? Mr. Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a nice teacher. ? Mr. Brown, whom we studied with last year, is a nice teacher.
2. C th? dng which thay cho c? m?nh ?? ??ng tr??c. Ex: She cant come to my birthday party. That makes me sad. ? She cant come to my birthday party, which makes me sad.
3. ? v? tr tc t?, whom c th? ???c thay b?ng who. Ex: Id like to talk to the man whom / who I met at your birthday party.
4. Trong m?nh ?? quan h? xc ??nh , chng ta c th? b? cc ??i t? quan h? lm tc t?: whom, which. Ex: The girl you met yesterday is my close friend.
The book you lent me was very interesting.
5. Cc c?m t? ch? s? l??ng some of, both of, all of, neither of, many of, none of c th? ???c dng tr??c whom, which v whose. Ex: I have two sisters, both of whom are students. She tried on three dresses, none of which fitted her.
V. CCH RT G?N M?NH ?? QUAN H?: 1. M?nh ?? quan h? ???c rt thnh c?m phn t?: M?nh ?? quan h? ch?a cc ??i t? quan h? lm ch? t? who, which, that c th? ???c rt g?n thnh c?m hi?n t?i phn t? (V-ing) ho?c qu kh? phn t? (V3/ed). * N?u m?nh ?? quan h? l m?nh ?? ch? ??ng th rt thnh c?m hi?n t?i phn t? (V-ing). Ex: a/ The man who is standing over there is my father. ? The man standing over there is my father. b/ The couple who live next door to me are professors. ? The couple living next door to me are professors. * N?u m?nh ?? quan h? l m?nh ?? b? ??ng th rt thnh c?m qu kh? phn t? (V3/ed). Ex: a/ The instructions that are given on the front page are very important. ? The instructions given on the front page are very important. b/ The book which was bought by my mother is interesting. ? The book bought by my mother is interesting.
2. M?nh ?? quan h? ???c rt thnh c?m ??ng t? nguyn m?u: M?nh ?? quan h? ???c rt thnh c?m ??ng t? nguyn m?u (To-infinitive) khi tr??c ??i t? quan h? c cc c?m t?: the first, the second, the last, the only ho?c hnh th?c so snh b?c nh?t. Ex: a/ John was the last person that got the news. ? John was the last person to get the news. b/ He was the best player that we admire.
? He was the best player to be admired. c/ He was the second man who was killed in this way. ? He was the second man to be killed in this way. | 
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